Nada School Saturday Lecture 2014

The following is the added version of the slides

https://gyazo.com/5d92458cd51bb5f1eea2c0532c264989

Added by NISHIO Hirokazu, Cybozu Labs (52nd year)

https://gyazo.com/7b6f451e5dee2660d7c8cf7a87fe01b2

2 When an alumnus speaks at a Saturday class, he/she may often say, "I will tell everyone the right answer that I know.

I'm not here to tell you the right answer this time, but to share a problem I'm struggling with and get some ideas.

https://gyazo.com/11afd4fde2e1e06aa0ff367fc75742c1

I thought the way we have been doing things was fine, too. We're good at learning, right? At least we passed the Nada School, and most of us will go on to Tokyo University and Kyoto University. So we don't need to design it specifically.

https://gyazo.com/7ec40cd35990f83f6fa33b491918cdd0

4I'll bite into the process of studying to get into Nada, Kyoto University, or Tokyo University...

Given a problem

Solve it by yourself

Results are graded.

https://gyazo.com/8355ba2c36400546e2bf15aeb8dc2f82

5 problems are given

https://gyazo.com/1bb523e742f4dcf506ebcf798a9b5f77

6The problem is outside of yourself, and although it may seem obvious, is it really? But is it really?

https://gyazo.com/c5f95d5c6a413512078ce079d7cfbecf

I joined the company, there were no problems prepared for me to solve, I wondered what to do.

Ultimately, the problem is the gap between the reality outside of you and the ideal inside of you.

Working with reality to change it to an ideal state is called "problem solving. The problem itself does not exist; if the ideal is abandoned, the problem disappears.7 Another way to think of the problem is the gap between the ideal and the reality.

https://gyazo.com/6b45595b83d46744efd5a994987732c4

8Solve by yourself

https://gyazo.com/f69f77e0b9aa46962c0cc9eae853ec52

9When studying for a test, we tend to think that if we don't solve the problem by ourselves, we won't be able to do the math. But no one in the workforce does written arithmetic...right?

https://gyazo.com/534d7dff6a71ba26c5f6c2f5c931096a

They do not calculate in writing, but use calculators or spreadsheets. They also use Mathematica and Wolfram Alpha for transforming formulas. Working people live a life in which it is better to use what is available than to use only one's own power because it is more powerful. They use calculators, software, and the help of colleagues and friends outside the company to solve problems. The idea that 10

https://gyazo.com/8ee7a08015f76d171e0358cbea716bc2

11The results of the study for the exam, where the results are graded, are of course graded.

https://gyazo.com/8deea13019b43e971bfb22aad883cfe3

The students are graded on how well they got it right in comparison to the 12 correct answers! So, what does it mean that the correct answer is already in the society? What do you think it means?

https://gyazo.com/ca6a030def900dc3c08c49253ea438c7

13It makes no sense from a business point of view, because the correct answer is already there, which means that someone else has already solved the problem, and my solving it will not bring any value to society.

https://gyazo.com/1da9b0731218b965c7143fa7783505b3

I'm good at this.36 I've looked at each of the three situations individually, and I've found that we're given a problem, we solve it on our own, and the results are graded.

https://gyazo.com/9a1068f5e971036352ea6423b0f0c003

However, there are situations where we don't know what the problem is, teamwork is required, and no one knows the right answer. What should we do in these situations? What should I do in a situation like this? 37

https://gyazo.com/5c79627756a27863acd56997696e11e4

38 College ChoiceThere are probably still a lot of the former situation right now. I think the balance will be reversed about between college and society.

https://gyazo.com/79b5cbc588a07297ef0d77547c9e165e

39The timing of change varies from person to person.

I chose Kyoto University without thinking too much about it. I chose Kyoto University without thinking too much about it.

Many people are troubled by their inability to find the "right answer" in job hunting... College choices that seem to go smoothly and smoothly but leave a debt in the future.

https://gyazo.com/2333677075e6955a5c9bd02ac3d993d6

40Past successes can hinder a change of mindset.

https://gyazo.com/7a34a9b087e055856c9e34a881a7acfe

41 (Rest)

https://gyazo.com/6150be6b9c8933fc54a16346ea9d969c

How can we learn in a situation different from studying for an exam, where we don't know what the problem is, teamwork is required, and no one knows the correct answer? I would like to think about this. What do you think we should do? How can I learn in a situation where I don't know the right answer? 42

https://gyazo.com/927cbdeaa7a5a2625877ca64a066d2e9

https://gyazo.com/d9ef0269c814dd7e442dac95ced070fb

! What to do about areas for which there are no textbooks? Of course there are no textbooks on the cutting edge of research, how to choose a relationship or a company... well, there are books sold pretending to be textbooks, but they may or may not be correct. Only in a few fields where we are blessed that textbooks can be trusted to be correct.44 Now, in your current situation that textbooks give you, reading textbooks will give you more and more blind spots that you didn't know about, saying, "Oh, I didn't know this, I have to learn it.

https://gyazo.com/1095801c551901c65b0a03f96fce62ab

Understanding "This is the way it should be" and finding discrepancies with one's own understanding45 Observing reality without preconceptions "The problem is also related to the gap between reality and ideals. First, carefully observe the reality, including experimental data. If you find a discrepancy between your understanding of what should happen and what you think should happen, there is a blind spot that you have not yet noticed.

https://gyazo.com/b2206955a5cb647bc2a21754e6441d01

58In other words, Nada's school motto is "self and others co-prosperity," so we aim for a form of "Seiryoku Zenyo Jitaku Jitaku Kyo Prosperity" in which we and others can prosper together by teaching each other, not by teaching the other and being taught by the other.

https://gyazo.com/fb46873acaf0385a825037256e2c4904

This is my explanation of how to learn in a situation where "no problems are given". If you have any points that you think are different, please feel free to point them out to me on the survey form that is in your hands. If you do, we can make it even better next year. Please let us know what you think, too.59

https://gyazo.com/24f0543a02857c02b068b246987a62b2

Knowledge Efficiently

Knowledge to gain = how to learnI really want to know about this. If I could pay to buy it, I would. I can't buy it, so I'm reading books, taking time to think about it, giving talks and getting feedback, and one strategy I'm thinking about right now, a direction... I want to invest in this. I'm trying to figure out how to invest in this73

https://gyazo.com/a4a56dee4976f9d160f2ded716c0f845

74 principle that the more abstract the knowledge, the greater the range of applications. Consider, for example, mathematics.

https://gyazo.com/8e2a688faebf7e0550770ea8373280b8

You're not memorizing the answers to specific problems, you're learning the ability to solve "unseen problems" You're not memorizing the solutions at the end of a math problem book. You're learning "how to get the answer" in abstraction, not the specific answer, and you want to learn this abstract methodology efficiently.75

https://gyazo.com/5149edaefed816c492e298e4c86fcfc4

Can we learn only how to solve problems without solving 76 specific problems? Is it possible to learn only abstract knowledge efficiently? I once had such a thought.

https://gyazo.com/87132f9a9f2114362d5d7c9eefbc242f

Therefore, you must not only have specific detailed knowledge, but you must also develop a body of knowledge within yourself that can create value by applying it to newly emerging real-world problems. Not just knowledge of who did what in what year, but you have to develop it to the point where you can apply it to lecture opportunities and create value by giving this kind of lecture. If you stop at a halfway high level, you will not produce value. How do you develop within yourself a body of knowledge that can be applied and produce value? I believe this is necessary. So, how can we do this? How can we do this?

How do we make the first hypothesis?

https://gyazo.com/567c21f6f8d8497ef3b0a402a2e4bbb3

94 For math quizzes, the teacher will prepare the questions to be solved and how to check them. What you need to learn will be taught in class. In situations where this is not the case, how on earth do you... first plan, hypothesize, and understand...

How to make it.

https://gyazo.com/16ef0476abe1027ec1434ce7649dff4a

divergence writing out organizing interference growth sticky note making group organization convergence selection presentation diagramming

Type A: Creating Presentation Materials Type B: Exercises In a recent three-day workshop at Kyoto University's Summer Design School, the goal was to identify blind spots in one's own learning style and to develop a plan for improvement (P). Let me introduce some of the specific methods we used there.

https://gyazo.com/70f61f8e39ee7afe335bc8676b392745

96Think after you writeThis has been an abstract discussion so far, but now I'd like to talk about something more concrete. I've done this a few times and found a few useful principles.

https://gyazo.com/5e41934e3fc8308dd4285880d87e8111

97Write and then thinkWhy write and then think? Which is easier? Which is easier? Mental and written arithmetic

https://gyazo.com/48e4e400c6e110010c0a4b24cf64b133

Write and then thinkWhy write and then think? 98Which is easier? ! Blindfolded Shogi] - Normal Shogi Normal Shogi = Shogi played while looking at the pieces and the board.

https://gyazo.com/63eea8b4e4c312f3853c4f5285e41db2

Which is easier? When you are thinking, do you think it is easier to think only in your head or to write down all your thoughts and look at them? ! Some may say that it is better to think only in one's head because it takes time to write things down, and that the right way depends on whether it is useful for each individual. 99

https://gyazo.com/6520004400f9475f97da614d480ee83e

Write and then thinkWhy write and then think? 100For me, writing down my thoughts is

I have a chess piece and a chess piece.

It's the same thing.

https://gyazo.com/444b02ac68128835ab19f83d10528d08

Write it down and then think about it Why write it down and then think about it? 101 First, write it all down.

Eliminate the "burden of remembering

Let's concentrate on thinking, which in my opinion is more efficient and results in a better quality of output.

https://gyazo.com/98e1c062487a9a263448beff65107024

Kyoto University Summer Design School 2014 Exercise Assignment 102 This is an example of an actual exercise that we actually did in the workshop. Write on the prepared sticky notes as many as you can in time. The important thing is "quantity is valued more than quality" Let's write a lot. We repeated this kind of exercise several times and made about 100 sticky notes. To improve the way we learn

Try to write down as many "things that might be relevant" as you can in the time available, in writing that others can read. This exercise is graded on quantity, not quality. You have two minutes.

https://gyazo.com/920ba4a2c0a826586e56da845c3886a9

103It is difficult for people who are new to this kind of exercise to write smoothly, and training them will improve their efficiency in coming up with new ideas. I observe why people can't write smoothly and give them various advices, but I don't have time to explain all the slides, so I'll just explain a few of them:.

https://gyazo.com/7232d264f35b0b9f301f5df55cf5332a

Write and then think104 "Many people think that ideas appear in a complete form at once, but they are not. "Thomas Edison p256 A. Osborn (2008), Making the Most of Creativity: 38 Ways to Get Ideas, translated by Akira Toyoda, Sogensha

https://gyazo.com/ffe8611b1160ed937ec6a306b9292b82

105 I'll write it down, then think about it, then stop trying to make it perfect from the start.

I'll do the completion later, I'll write down everything that's bothering me, everything that pops into my head, first of all, what might be relevant, what might not be relevant, and then we can look at it later and make it better.

https://gyazo.com/b1b763cb7194b8f2b65991f850e3eccd

106Write first and think laterWhat you write can be improved later, and what you don't write can disappear in an instant. There is an opinion that thinking only in your head is faster, but if you consider the trade-off against the risk of disappearing, you can reach a higher level if you keep going out and accumulating your thoughts.

https://gyazo.com/4e8be23291774233d4b38132c959c6a3

107 If you want to summarize the contents of a book, write down everything you think, not just the contents of the book, write it down, and then summarize it. That way, it is easier to make a summary that is connected to your own experience, rather than "knowledge only from books" or "theories on the table.

https://gyazo.com/4b4d39a6bee30a251f1b9c934a145e23

109 The flow of the actual KJ method. There are about 100 sheets. I spread out what I wrote on my desk, for some reason.

https://gyazo.com/7d9f50013adfe291ec910f2307329c60

Let's write 110 and then we'll figure it out... about 7 temporary memories.

If you spread your writing out on your desk.

A temporary memory that can hold 100 pieces of information at a glance can only hold about 7 pieces of information. If you spread them out on a desk so that you can look at them at a glance, you can see 100 pieces of information just by moving your gaze. Temporary memory can be extended in a physical way. Which is better, to think in an expanded state or to think only in your mind with only seven temporary memories?

https://gyazo.com/29388689ee60b50540a9a9717db89567

111 written and then I'll think about it, about 7 temporary memories.

If you spread your writing out on your desk.

It is easier to spread out, at least for me, where I can see 100 at a glance. It is beneficial and the right way for me. It may or may not be beneficial to you. You will never know until you try it. In fact, I use this method for all of my lecture materials and my recently published books.

A personal way to keep it in my hands. (PS: It's paper now, but I'd like to improve it even more by going electronic)

https://gyazo.com/dd030111e17bd38361d699e8ba3656ed

112 Structuring Fragmentary Information - KJ Method in Practice 2: What to do after expanding the bottom-up group formation? Creating groups from the bottom up

https://gyazo.com/a479ae8d168435cf4d78277818b13c27

113 Structuring Fragmentary Information - KJ Method in Practice 2: Bottom-up Group Formation What for? There are 100 sticky notes! When you have that much information, your brain gets confused and punctured and refuses to think. It's like, "Wow, that's a lot of clutter! So I group them into a few pieces and then think about them. When there is so much information, the brain refuses to think. If you make a group of several pieces, it will be easier to come up with ideas.

https://gyazo.com/d605abdb0b93ae79ea3f0c79ca364ad9

Structuring fragmented information with groups of several pieces each - Practical exercise of the KJ method (actual scene)

https://gyazo.com/0ea36bb3212e69a2824d5c614c14058d

115 Structuring Fragmentary Information - KJ Method Practice 2: Group Formation in a Bottom-Up ProcessFrom the bottom up, we first go in as fragments. What is in a fragmented state is structured later. When you first write out the information, it doesn't come out in a neatly structured form, but when it does, it comes out as fragmented pieces.

https://gyazo.com/479999f4ba4ece100674b958cafac489

116 Bottom-up is important Top-down categorization only pushes information into the confines of existing thinking.

Top-down" is a method in which, for example, after writing down stickies, you say, "These stickies are related to the current situation, this is the solution, this is the cause, so let's divide them into three categories.

This is no good. Why? If you do it top-down, you will fit your side of the information to the framework of information you already have in your brain, and you will not discover unexpected structures.

https://gyazo.com/11a286b69e5fe83ad663b4e56cfbfa89

117 The purpose is to discover unexpected structures. Writing it down on paper, spreading it out on a desk, or assembling it from the bottom up is only a means to an end. The purpose is to notice blind spots, to notice what you need to learn, to notice who you are that you hadn't noticed before. If you categorize it with the existing way of thinking, you'll end up with a structure that is exactly what you think it is, and you'll say, "Yeah, that was definitely what I thought it was," even though you did the Do in the PDCA cycle.

It will be a state of no failure. Then there will be no learning. No new things will be created.

https://gyazo.com/88b570e9d9ac2a29d57bdf12ad02d89b

https://gyazo.com/a11ff9ed7a2d2f15f780a6312fd4e948

Illustration 119.

https://gyazo.com/545e99e48fa26a3bb469772cfeeb6f08

120Draw relationships between the collected sticky notes, add lines to enclose the group and make a diagram, then make a written diagram. Why?

https://gyazo.com/47f7aceb2f2fb607ad6683726541110b

Structuring Fragmentary Information - Practicing the KJ MethodKJ methodB-type illustrations are good for seeing the big pictureChecking for leaps in textA is B, so it's C. D and E are opposing structuresDiagrams are good for saying that it's hard to notice gaps in a story.

If you explain in writing in turn, you will find that there are logical leaps and you will say, "What? This part doesn't connect well. or "It's not right to go from this story to this story, we need one more cushion. However, it is difficult to understand the whole picture. By changing to a different format, it becomes easier to notice what is missing.

https://gyazo.com/c14bfd049c63417d6151121abf905718

122 What is the benefit of writing? It's hard to get the message across by showing a diagram that is easy to output, so output in writing and get feedback from others.

https://gyazo.com/be5b739156c35ecf050e04b20a2e21e8

Based on 123 understanding

Behavioral Understanding DCA Cycle P Based on the assembled understanding P, output D is created, and the results are fed back from others...

Consideration of the results of modification of understanding that starts the cycle turning "I thought it would work, I acted on it, but I failed" is an opportunity for modification of understanding.

https://gyazo.com/cd3af5580361e1beb643efa9a2b2ebea

124 Summary Let's review the key concepts that have emerged so far

https://gyazo.com/866af38d3da57311db6e0c1f4247b2cb

What is correctness in those areas? 126 Problems for which the correct answer does not yet exist are worth solving.

https://gyazo.com/98145b3d8c1be2df1edd022f51f11e7d

! In many areas of decision-making correctness, scientific correctness and logical correctness are not required.

https://gyazo.com/e3af54b729921f308f84574fa8adb121

Based on 128 understanding

Behavior i.e. Understanding DCA Cycle P Understanding Corrective Results Consideration of the results of actions where correctness can be learned from the results of actions.

https://gyazo.com/7a394860d39da5aa416404d405eec063

129In order to learn, we need to notice blind spots, and the eyes of others are useful in noticing blind spots.

https://gyazo.com/939aafa6c653d52a87668647b7f7f2c2

130Learn from people with little knowledge, no matter what kind of person you are dealing with, think, "I could learn something from this person."

https://gyazo.com/08b34b645843fc7d7924a051006364aa

131 This results in a shift to exchanging knowledge and learning from each other.

https://gyazo.com/2159f58d78e5ee7b36e29cff8fd1f3ef

132In doing so, we tend to reject what others say, judging it to be "different" or "irrelevant" based on our own framework.

https://gyazo.com/b23af4901ad675966549a548e28e8b54

133Don't discard things that don't fit in with the bottom-up approach to nurture understanding, saying that they are "noise. Plato likened philosophy to the art of birthing a baby. Ikujiro Nonaka and Noboru Konno (2003), Methodology of Knowledge Creation: The Way of the Knowledge Worker, Toyo Keizai Inc.

https://gyazo.com/52086041b0c7a16e8f7e39a0fb387a9f

https://gyazo.com/9de7183f3123f7f77476a20fb71641c6

135As for the specific methodology, let's first write and then think about what we've written.

https://gyazo.com/23ff56a2fcd4e564883ff3ad4d96b7c9

136 by spreading it across the desk.

Extend temporary memory and build from the bottom up

https://gyazo.com/93334b70fc5aa1a2ce7adc6b6577ca45

137 spatially arranged state to text, with format conversion.

By noticing what is missing and outputting it to others, the PDCA cycle begins to turn.

https://gyazo.com/217bee1aa8b21f7295fdfcddb0f542b6

138 objections and counter-arguments are welcome!

What kind of comments will you get?

I am looking forward to it.

https://gyazo.com/4c286ef5cc3db196898e4bed7bd663e0

139 objections and counter-arguments welcome!

What kind of comments will you get?

I look forward to it. I may not get an objection or a rebuttal right away, so I am looking forward to your comments that throw sharp knives at me, for example, "You are being too rough here," or "You are missing this point of view," or something like that!

https://gyazo.com/5f8b8c8cf622be209919810af736eef1

140 Questions and Answers

https://gyazo.com/0f9af7f28493e69a491bdff67b5134b9

141 Q: You mentioned that knowledge has two types of knowledge: knowledge to gain knowledge efficiently and knowledge to gain money efficiently, which knowledge of knowledge to gain knowledge efficiently?

https://gyazo.com/12ebbb908226b998b9dc12d025bf69bc

142 A: Both. Recursive definition.

Both are the same in that they both make human behavior more efficient.

https://gyazo.com/8480b4e855138e953f0ce179900ba577

143 Q: (because it is far from the microphone

Not audible)

https://gyazo.com/d840851ea9bf1fe2f88e56bc3ea24e07

144 A: You mean that there is only value left in knowledge that cannot be found in a search.

https://gyazo.com/19c15672476af10cf249c7e294bed4e8

145 A: Suppose I did not know how to get on a train with a student discount. I didn't have the knowledge of how to buy the student discount, but thanks to the "meta-knowledge that increases the efficiency of knowledge acquisition," which is "just search on Google," I was able to take the train cheaply and save money. Specific knowledge is losing its value more and more, and the weight of value is shifting toward meta-knowledge.

https://gyazo.com/109e4e9ce5da3d620c27724e4fe78782

146 A: The knowledge that "you can search for it on Google" is not knowledge you got from searching on Google, so you must have gotten it some other way.

https://gyazo.com/3f15928c819d86e3c4edf14e0f52c435

147 Q: What do you think of mind maps? They are very similar, but what are the differences?

https://gyazo.com/36d938001db0c1094f0a81027ab9aaa5

148 A: The same in that you write down your thoughts first. Difference between writing on a small piece of paper and laying it out or writing directly on the paper.

https://gyazo.com/92f1ba460cd164fdaf5dffc84bc66156

149 A: Mind maps have a core image in the center and trees radiate from there, so there tends to be a bias to write top-down structured things. This is a bad point. Colorful is a good point.

https://gyazo.com/8e66e33520b06d622d4554b2c933a6cd

150 A: Do you think you can suddenly draw a beautiful mind map like the ones you often see as examples? If you try to draw something with a high degree of perfection from the beginning, you will stumble.

https://gyazo.com/54470983e06d746aa53ac588f588f5c5

151 A: It is better to draw a new mind map by looking at it and thinking, "This branch should go this way," or "That one is missing here," rather than drawing it once and then finishing.

https://gyazo.com/2fd6dd3c401796e693c4313c2112f5f8

152 A: You can make a final mind map of what you have lined up with sticky notes. That would be a map that would be easier for others to fit into.

https://gyazo.com/d877d97101384eb036b031944313b2de

153 A: I also used mind maps, but the first steps were easier with sticky notes for me. I think you should use whichever is easier for you. What is useful to you is right for you.

https://gyazo.com/21af1292c5959af8c32defe7bf050078

154 Q: Who is the value of "a problem with a correct answer has already been solved by someone else, so solving it does not add value"? Even if there is a correct answer, if solving it is beneficial to the individual, isn't it worth something?

https://gyazo.com/3718d25a168a4a1a424338ba94793849

155 Q: You talked about how to learn about problems that don't have answers, such as decision making, but on the other hand, how do you deal with problems that do have answers, such as daily exams?

https://gyazo.com/ff05f235384d21f86836f88170950825

156 A: I think it comes down to how small and fast you can make the PDCA cycle.

https://gyazo.com/48ead6b72bfce9a187c0fa86d23674d5

157 A: Excellent. You are right. For example, solving an entrance exam question has an answer, so solving it does not increase its value to society, but at least you yourself have the value of getting accepted to a college because of it.

https://gyazo.com/7f4b4c28c5d6757c5f610ceb758014a8

158

A: We tend to think about the big picture, "Is it valuable to society?" but ultimately "to me" is the important point. So you are right in your point.

succession

---